Activated refers to the state in which a particular substance, material, or biological entity is rendered active or is enabled to perform its function. In a chemical context, activation often involves the transition of a reactant to a more reactive form, which is capable of undergoing a chemical reaction. For instance, an enzyme may be activated when it changes shape to better catalyze a reaction, or a metal surface might be activated by cleaning it to remove oxides, thereby enhancing its ability to catalyze a reaction or to bond with another substance. In terms of materials, activation can refer to the process of treating a material, such as carbon, to increase its adsorptive properties, which is commonly applied in the creation of activated carbon used for filtration. In biology, activation can describe the initiation of a cellular process or the triggering of a signal transduction pathway, such as the activation of an immune cell in response to an antigen. Activation in this sense can be highly specific, often requiring particular conditions or the presence of specific molecules to occur. Activation is a critical concept across various scientific disciplines, as it underlies the functionality and reactivity of numerous systems and materials.
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